Impacto da Covid-19 na prática de automedicação em estudantes universitários / Impact of COVID-19 on self-medication practice in university students / Impacto de la Covid-19 en la práctica de la automedicación en estudiantes universitarios

RESUMO: A automedicação expõe os indivíduos a riscos como reações adversas, intoxicações, interações medicamentosas, falhas terapêuticas e erros de medicação. Na pandemia de Covid-19, houve aumento de compra e consumo de produtos farmacêuticos pelos brasileiros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à automedicação em estudantes de um centro universitário na região do Campo das Vertentes, Minas Gerais, bem como avaliar a incidência durante a pandemia de Covid-19. O estudo teve delineamento transversal e quantitativo, com 248 estudantes de um centro universitário em 2021. Os achados mostraram que 67,3% dos participantes relataram realizar a automedicação; 28,7% apontaram aumento da automedicação durante a pandemia; e 30,9% indicaram o início nesse período. Houve diferença significativa sobre: considerar-se capaz de se automedicar, ter costume de indicar medicamentos para outras pessoas e consumi-los por indicação de outros. Para aqueles que aumentaram a prática de automedicação na pandemia, houve associação com o hábito de indicar medicamentos para outras pessoas. Já para quem iniciou essa prática no período pandêmico, a capacidade de automedicação esteve associada. Os resultados abrem caminhos para medidas educativas sobre o uso irracional dos medicamentos pelos estudantes do ensino superior, independentemente da área de formação.

ABSTRACT: Self-medication exposes individuals to risks such as adverse reactions, intoxications, drug interactions, therapeutic failures and medication errors. In the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in the purchase and consumption of pharmaceutical products by Brazilians. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with self-medication in students of a university center in the region of Campo das Vertentes, Southeastern Brazil, as well as to evaluate the incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study had a cross-sectional and quantitative design, with 248 students from a university, in 2021. The findings showed that 67.3% of the participants reported self-medication; 28.7% indicated an increase in self-medication during the pandemic; and 30.9% indicated the beginning in this period. There was a significant difference about: to consider oneself capable of self-medicating, to have the habit of referring drugs to other people and to consume them by indication of others. For those who increased the practice of self-medication in the pandemic, there was an association with the habit of indicating drugs to other people. For those who initiated this practice in the pandemic period, the capacity of self-medication was associated. The results open paths for educational measures on the irrational use of medicines by higher education students, regardless of the education area.

RESUMEN: La automedicación expone a los individuos a riesgos tales como reacciones adversas, intoxicaciones, interacciones medicamentosas, fracasos terapéuticos y errores medicamentosos. En la pandemia de Covid-19, hubo un aumento en la compra y consumo de productos farmacéuticos por parte de los brasileños. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la automedicación en estudiantes de un centro universitario en la región de Campo das Vertentes, Sudeste de Brasil, así como evaluar la incidencia durante la pandemia de Covid-19. El estudio tuvo un diseño transversal y cuantitativo, con 248 estudiantes de un centro universitario en 2021. Los hallazgos mostraron que el 67,3% de los participantes reportaron automedicación; el 28,7% indicó un aumento en la automedicación durante la pandemia; y el 30,9% indicó el inicio en este período. Hubo una diferencia significativa en: Considerarse capaz de automedicarse, tener el hábito de referir drogas a otras personas y consumirlas por indicación de otros. Para aquellos que incrementaron la práctica de la automedicación en la pandemia, hubo una asociación con el hábito de indicar drogas a otras personas. Para aquellos que iniciaron esta práctica en el período pandémico, se asoció la capacidad de automedicación. Los resultados abren caminos para medidas educativas sobre el uso irracional de medicamentos por parte de los estudiantes de educación superior, independientemente del área de formación.

El consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas en adultos españoles / Consumption of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs in Spanish adults

The lifestyle is the result of a set of behavior patterns or sociocultural habits acquired over the years that determines the state of physical, mental and social health of people. The aim was to analyze the habit of consuming tobacco, alcohol and other illegal drugs in the acquired healthy lifestyle. Descriptive, epidemiological and cross-sectional study in 788 participants aged 22 to 77 years (49.5% men; 50.5% women) selected by non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. Subscale 4 Tobacco, alcohol and other drug consumption habits was used. of the Acquired Healthy Lifestyle Assessment Scale. The following classifications on consumption habits were made: a) tobacco (non-smoker, mild, moderate, high and very high risk), b) alcohol (no risk, prudent consumption, low, moderate and high risk), c) drugs (never, almost never, with some frequency, quite frequently and very frequently) and d) global (not at all healthy, unhealthy, tending towards health and healthy). The results showed that 27% of the participants need to improve their lifestyle by eliminating (or reducing) drug use, acquiring healthier habits. Regarding the differences according to sex, men, compared to women, presented a higher prevalence of unhealthy habits, especially alcohol. In relation to the differences according to the age group, the participants from 49 to 55 years old presented the highest prevalence of habits in the unhealthy or unhealthy levels, while the group from 56 to 72 years old showed the healthiest levels in relation to the habit of drug use.

El objetivo fue analizar el hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas ilegales en el estilo de vida saludable adquirido. Estudio descriptivo, epidemiológico y transversal en 788 participantes de 22 a 77 años de edad (49,5% varones; 50,5% mujeres) seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se empleó la sub-escala 4. Hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas de la Escala de Valoración del Estilo de Vida Saludable Adquirido. Se realizaron las siguientes clasificaciones sobre el hábito de consumo: a) tabaco (no fumador, leve, moderado, alto y muy alto riesgo), b) alcohol (ningún riesgo, consumo prudente, bajo, moderado y alto riesgo), c) drogas (nunca, casi nunca, con alguna frecuencia, con bastante frecuencia y con mucha frecuencia) y d) global (nada saludable, poco saludable, tendente hacia la salud y saludable). Los resultados mostraron que el 27% de los participantes necesita mejorar su estilo de vida eliminando (o reduciendo) el consumo de drogas, adquiriendo hábitos más saludables. Con respecto a las diferencias según sexo, los varones, en comparación con las mujeres, presentaron una mayor prevalencia de hábitos no saludables, sobre todo, de alcohol. En relación a las diferencias según el grupo de edad, los participantes de 49 a 55 años presentaron la mayor prevalencia de hábitos en los niveles poco o nada saludables, mientras que el grupo de 56 a 72 años mostró los niveles más saludables en relación al hábito de consumo de drogas.

Analysis of drug consumption in field training of joint logistic support force in Yunnan / 药学实践杂志

Objective To analyze the drug consumption of the joint logistics support force during field training in Yunnan, summarize the drug use characteristics of medical staff, and analyze the drug use rules, so as to provide the basis for modular drug support. Methods The basic information and drug use of the personnel in an institution of the joint logistics support force during the resident training period from April to June 2020 were collected and sorted out. The drug use indicators were calculated by using the defined daily dose (DDD) as the unit, including: daily drug dose (DDDs), daily drug dose cost (DDDc), drug use intensity (DUI), drug utilization rate (DUR) and drug ranking ratio (R) were used to describe drug use characteristics. Results During the resident training period, the amount of musculoskeletal system drugs was large, and the number of users was large. The dosage of cardiovascular system drugs, digestive system drugs and hormone drugs was large, but the number of users was small. Sensory organ drugs, dermatological drugs, heat-clearing agents (Chinese patent medicine) and respiratory system drugs were small in dosages, but the number of users was large. Ranked by DDDs, the top 3 drugs with the highest dosage were Yunnan Baiyao plaster, Yunnan Baiyao Band-Aid and Loratadine Tablets. Ranked by DDDc, the largest daily cost was Budesonide and Formoterol Fumarate Powder for Inhalation. As age increases, the intensity of drug use increased; The intensity of drug use in women was greater than that in men. The intensity of drug use was different for different categories personnel. Conclusion Musculoskeletal system drugs are important drugs for field training. The task personnel should formulate a list of medicines for basic diseases based on their own medication for basic diseases and the duration of the task, and submit it to the medicinal material guarantee department to ensure the carrying drugs. The factors affecting modular drug support in field training include: task type, region, solar term, duration and personnel composition, etc.

Interacciones medicamentosas como un problema de salud imperceptible en la población / Drug Interactions as an Imperceptible Health Concern among the Population

Introducción: El consumo elevado de medicamentos se asocia a factores que propician su uso inadecuado y posibles consecuencias en el objetivo terapéutico, el control de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar las posibles interacciones medicamentosas como un problema de salud para la población general y los prescriptores del sistema. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal, serie de casos de consecuencias prácticas con elementos de esquema terapéutico. Población de 214 individuos consumidores de medicamentos, entre 18 y 89 años, seleccionados al azar por muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Escenario: consultorios de la Atención Primaria (9, 10) y consultas de medicina interna de instituciones hospitalarias en Cienfuegos, Cuba. Período: primer trimestre, año 2017. Variables investigadas: sociodemográficas, tipo de prescripción, grupos farmacológicos y posibles interacciones medicamentosas. Resultados: La media de consumo fue de 10,5 en mujeres de la tercera edad. De 365 prescripciones el 54,2 por ciento fueron posibles interacciones medicamentosas, predominaron las de tipo farmacocinéticas (95,4 por ciento), y de ellas las relacionadas con el metabolismo por automedicación (34,3 por ciento), así como el consumo de omeprazol u otra sustancia no farmacológica inhibidores del CYP-450, como el jugo de toronja y el consumo de alcohol crónico. El tabaco fue el inductor que más se identificó 25 (58,1 por ciento), propiciando posibles fallas terapéuticas. Conclusión: Las posibles interacciones medicamentosas se presentaron como problema de salud imperceptible para la población sana y enferma. Los prescriptores de salud generalmente no las tienen en cuenta, donde las de mayor riesgo se relacionan con inhibidores del metabolismo oxidativo, lo cual propicia posibles daños a la salud del ser humano(AU)

Introduction: The high consumption of medicines is associated with factors that favor their inappropriate use and possible consequences in the therapeutic objective, the control of the disease. Objective: To characterize possible drug interactions as a health concern for the general population and the healthcare system prescribers. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study. Series of cases of practical consequences with elements of a therapeutic scheme. Population of 214 individuals consuming drugs, aged 18-89 years, randomly selected by stratified probabilistic sampling. The setting was the primary care clinics (9 and 10) and internal medicine consultations of hospital institutions in Cienfuegos, Cuba. The period was the first trimester of the year 2017. The variables investigated were the sociodemographic ones, type of prescription, pharmacological groups, and possible drug interactions. Results: The average consumption was 10.5 among elderly women. Out of 365 prescriptions, 54.2 percent were possible drug interactions, while those of the pharmacokinetic type (95.4 percent) predominated, together with those related to the metabolism of self-medication (34.3 percent), as well as the consumption of omeprazole or other nonpharmacological substance inhibitors of CYP-450, such as grapefruit juice and chronic alcohol consumption. Tobacco was the inducer that most identified (25, 58.1 percent), leading to possible therapeutic failures. Conclusion: Possible drug interactions were presented as an imperceptible health concern for the healthy and sick population. Healthcare prescribers generally do not take them into account, for which those at highest risk are related to oxidative metabolism inhibitors, which leads to possible damage to human health(AU)

Analysis of drug consumption in medical service for Dominica and Dominican in Harmonious Mission -2018 / 药学实践杂志

Objective To analyze the drug consumption in medical service for Dominica and Dominican in Harmonious Mission -2018, and provide reference for future drug supply services in similar countries. Methods Data of the drugs used during the medical service of the two countries were extracted from the computer system, which were summarized and analyzed. Results Ranking first in drug consumption in medical service for Dominica and Dominican was external drugs. Chinese traditional medicines were very popular in both two countries. There were great similarities and unique characteristics in the drug consumption during medical service between the two countries, orthopedic drugs, digestive system drugs, ophthalmic drugs and dermatological drugs were frequently used drugs. Conclusion The drug consumption in medical service was closely associated with the national conditions. Therefore, in order to prepare medicines reasonably in future overseas medical service, disease distribution of the country which would be visited and drug consumption in the similar country which had been visited before should be concerned.

Caracterización de las conductas de consumo de medicamentos en estudiantes universitarios de Costa Rica / Characterization of drug consumption behaviors in university students of Costa Rica

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, unicéntrico y de tipo encuesta para determinar las características del consumo de medicamentos en estudiantes universitarios. Fueron interrogados 305 estudiantes de un centro Universitario de San Pedro en Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica. Según los datos obtenidos, los estudiantes invierten principalmente en la compra de medicamentos cuando se enferman o se sienten mal (84,7%) y como una segunda razón (16,3%) para mejorar su concentración y aumentar su energía. El sexo influye en la actividad de compra de fármacos, debido a la mayor predisposición del consumo de medicamentos por parte de las mujeres que de los hombres, siendo el precio el principal factor que influye en su compra.

SUMMARY A cross-sectional, descriptive, unicentric and survey-type study was conducted in order to determine the characteristics of drug consumption in university students. 305 students, from the San Pedro University Center in Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica, were questioned. According to the data obtained, students invest mainly in the purchase of medicines when they get sick or feel bad (84.7%) and as a second reason (16.3%) to improve their concentration and increase energy. Sex influences this activity, due to the greater predisposition of drug use by women than in men, being the price the main factor that influences their purchase.

Analysis of drug resistance and the correlation of drug resistance toP.areuginosa in our hospital from 2012 to 2016 / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To understand the drug resistance and changes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospita and to explore the relationship between the drug resistance and the dosage of antimicrobial agents, so as to provide the basis for clinical rational drug use.MethodsUsage of antibiotics in our hospital during 2012 to 2016 were analyzed retrospectively, and the drug resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa were calculated respectively.SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the drug resistance and the frequency of use of antimicrobial agents (DDDs).ResultsResistance rate of pseudomonas aeruginosa to aztreonam, ceftazidime and meropenem were decreased gradually.Resistance rate of pseudomonas aeruginosa to gentamicin increased gradually.The resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa to piperacillin, imipenem, cefepime, evil ciprofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam tazobactam and cefempidone/sulbactam is in a state of fluctuation.Piperacillin DDDs were significantly negatively correlated with gentamicin resistance.There was a significant positive correlation between imipenem DDDs and gentamicin resistance and there was a significant negative correlation between imipenem DDDs and drug resistance rates of piperacillin, imipenem, ceftazidime, meropenem, levofloxacin and cefoperazone/sulbactam.There was a significant positive correlation between aztreonam DDDs and ceftazidime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin and cefoperazone/sulbactam, There was a significant negative correlation between cephalosporin DDDs and gentamicin resistance rates.There was a significant positive correlation between the DDDs of piperacillin/tazobactam and the resistance rate of piperacillin/tazobactam;the resistance rates of cefoperazone/sulbactam DDDs to aztreonam and meropenem were Significant negative correlation.ConclusionDrug resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa and the dosage of clinical antibacterial drug is closely related, suggesting that clinicians should use antibiotics for clinical rationally, in order to reduce the number of drug resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Consumo de medicamentos y condiciones de vida / Drug consumption and living conditions

En Cuba, la producción de medicamentos está en manos del estado. La industria trabaja en coordinación con el Sistema Nacional de Salud y produce y distribuye los medicamentos en función del cuadro epidemiológico del país. No obstante, el problema al que se expone la sociedad con el consumo de medicamentos es complejo. En tal sentido, se pretende argumentar la necesidad del análisis de los patrones de consumo de medicamentos según las condiciones de vida de la población. Se realizó una investigación documental y análisis de contenido de las publicaciones identificadas en la literatura nacional e internacional que tratan el tema. Se identificó carencia de publicaciones que aborden el consumo de medicamentos según las condiciones de vida de la población en el contexto cubano. Conocer el consumo y sus determinantes influyen en la calidad de la salud de la población y permite a los prestadores en particular y al sistema de salud en general, desarrollar acciones correctivas para alcanzar conductas acordes con el significado de los medicamentos en la sociedad contemporánea(AU)

In Cuba, drug production is managed by the state. The drug industry works in close coordination with the national health care system and manufactures and distributes drugs according to the epidemiological picture existing in the country. However, the problem of drug consumption by the society is complex. In this regard, this paper was intended to substantiate the need of analyzing the drug consumption patterns according to the living conditions of the population. A documentary and content analysis research of the national and international literature dealing with this topic was made. It identified the lack of publications dealing with drug consumption according to the living conditions of the population in the Cuban setting. Learning about the consumption and its determinants has an impact on the health quality of the population and allows care providers in particular and health system in general to develop corrective actions to attain performances in line with the meaning of drugs in the contemporary society(AU)

Rapid Distinguishment of Drug Consumption Patterns by the Seasonal Decomposition Method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a simple and feasible method for rapid analysis of drug consumption patterns,and to im-prove the level of hospital pharmacy management. METHODS:Taking Motilium tablet as an example,the actual order amount da-ta of 24 months were analyzed by time series seasonal decomposition method;several key components of change trend were extract-ed by SPSS software,i.g. smoothed trend-cycle(STC),seasonal factors(SAF)and seasonally adjusted series(SAS). The varia-tion of components data series was observed to obtain the conclusion,and then compared with direct-vision method. RESULTS:The seasonal decomposition method had high prediction accuracy,the mean absolute percent error (MARE)(0.17) was less than that of error value by direct-vision method (0.24) significantly. CONCLUSIONS:This method can found drug consumption pat-terns quickly and accurately with the help of software. Based on this aspect,stock adjustment strategy can combine daily manage-ment and long-term dynamic management conveniently so as to improve the level of drug management.

El discreto encanto de los medicamentos / The discreet charm of drugs

El presente artículo es un resumen de un grupo de conferencias sobre la industria farmacéutica mundial ofrecidas entre 2010 y 2013 en diferentes foros nacionales e internacionales. El comportamiento de la producción y consumo de medicamentos en el mundo, teniendo en cuenta que se trata de un bien social que se utiliza para prevenir enfermedades y restablecer la salud del ser humano, ofrece un panorama extraño en relación con las reales necesidades de la población. Se analiza cuáles son los elementos implicados en ese comportamiento. Comienza con una caracterización de la industria farmacéutica mundial contemporánea y analiza tres aspectos que considera están relacionadas con estos resultados: la investigación médico-farmacéutica, la promoción e información médica y el funcionamiento de las agencias reguladoras nacionales de medicamentos. La industria farmacéutica mundial ha aportado enormes ventajas al tratamiento de las enfermedades. Es un hecho irrefutable, pero la Gran Pharma no es una industria cualquiera y requiere ser rentable. La globalización y el neoliberalismo han creado patrones de motivación y conducta basados fundamentalmente en los intereses del mercado. Debemos estar alertas en el futuro. Este nuevo siglo introduce nuevos retos a los pueblos, sus gobiernos y a la Gran Pharma en relación con la salud y la enfermedad y su enfrentamiento(AU)

This article summarized a group of lectures on the world drug industry delivered from 2010 to 2013 in a number of national and international fora. Taking into account that a pharmaceutical is a social asset used to prevent diseases and recover human health, the behavior of the drug production and consumption worldwide shows a awkward overview in terms of the real needs of the population. An analysis was made on the elements involved in such behavior, beginning with a characterization of the world current drug industry and analyzing three aspects related to the results: medical-drug research, medical promotion and information and operation of the national drug regulatory agencies. The world drug industry has provided huge benefits for the treatment of diseases and this is an undeniable fact; however, the Big Pharma needs to be profitable. Globalization and neoliberalism have created patterns of incentives and behaviors mainly based on the market interests. We should be aware of that in the future. This new century poses new challenges for the peoples, their governments and for the Big Pharma in terms of health, disease and how to face it(AU)

Automedicación en la comunidad. Sector el Campito, Parroquia Charallave, Municipio Cristobal Rojas, Estado Miranda / Self-medication in the community. El Campito Sector, Charallave Parish, Cristobal Rojas Municipality, Miranda State

Esta investigación se fundamentó en la automedicación como un problema de salud pública que se evidencia en el mundo entero, donde el objetivo fundamental fue evaluar la automedicación en la comunidad del Sector El Campito, Parroquia Charallave con la finalidad de conocer la prevalencia de la automedicación y fomentar a través de folletos educativos el uso racional del medicamento. Se realizó una investigación de campo, descriptiva, de tipo aplicada y de corte transversal, ya que se ejecutó en el primer trimestre del 2014, con una población conformada aproximadamente por 1000 habitantes, que hacen vida en el Centro Residencial Comercial el Campito, para efectos de este estudio la muestra fue de cien (100) personas que habitan en el área señalada, elegidas por muestreo no probabilístico intencional. Para la recolección de datos se empleó la técnica de entrevista estructurada: se utilizó un cuestionario con veintidós (22) preguntas, de la cuales once (11) son dicotómicas con respuestas No o Si, cuatro (4) son de características sociodemográficas, seis (6) preguntas con respuestas tipo abanico dirigidas a la medición de la automedicación en la comunidad y una (1) pregunta abierta. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se emplearon la utilización de tablas porcentuales con sus respectivos gráficos. Se diseñó material documental (folletos), dirigido a la comunidad como base de los resultados de la investigación, y como fin principal, la concientización del Uso Racional de Medicamentos y la Vigilancia Sanitaria de los mismos. Los resultados generales de la investigación evidenciaron que el 88% de la comunidad cuando se ha sentido enfermo se ha automedicado, el 93% refirió que alguna vez han consumido medicamentos sin indicación médica, el 40% atribuyeron esa conducta por falta de tiempo de acudir a consulta médica y el 90% de los medicamentos más usados en la automedicación son los Analgésicos.

This research was based on self-medication as a public health problem that is evident in the world, whose main objective is to evaluate the self-medication in the community of The Sector-Parish Campito Charallave in order to determine the prevalence of self-medication and encouraged through educational brochures on rational drug use. Research is in the field, descriptive, applied type and cross-section was performed because it was executed in the first quarter of 2014, with a formed about 1000 inhabitants, that live in the Residencial Centro Comercial Campito to purpose of this study was the sample of one hundred (100) people living in the designated area, chosen intentionally non-probability sampling. For data collection technique structured interview was used: a questionnaire with twenty-two (22) questions, of which eleven (11) are dichotomous with answers No or Yes, four (4) are of sociodemographic characteristics was used, six (6) fan-type questions with answers directed to the measurement of self-medication in the community and one (1) open question. For statistical analysis of data using their respective percentage graphics boards were used. Documentary material (brochures), aimed at the community as the basis of the results of the research, design and main purpose, awareness of Rational Use of Medicines and Health Surveillance thereof. The overall results of the research showed that 88% of the community felt sick when has self-medicated, 93% reported that they have ever consumed drugs without medical indication, 40% attributed this behavior because of time of going to medical consultation and 90% of the drugs used in self-medication are analgesics.

Consumo de medicamentos en la población femenina adulta de Cuba / Consumption of pharmaceuticals by the adult female population of Cuba

Introducción: la necesidad de asumir un enfoque de género en el abordaje de los problemas de salud, es tratar precisamente de visualizar las múltiples formas en las cuales las construcciones de género producen situaciones de iniquidad que la afectan. Objetivo: caracterizar el consumo de medicamentos en la población femenina adulta de Cuba. Métodos: investigación descriptiva de corte transversal realizada en el 2007. La muestra estuvo constituida por 554 consumidoras. Para la recogida de la información se diseñó un cuestionario Consumo de medicamentos, validado por un grupo de expertos y por un estudio piloto. Resultados: más de la mitad de las encuestadas consumen medicamentos, las jubiladas (79; 88,8 por ciento) fueron las más consumidoras, mientras que las estudiantes (17; 33,3 por ciento), las menos. El mayor porcentaje (368; 66,4 por ciento), refirió que siempre cumplen los tratamientos farmacológicos tal y como le indicó el médico. Conclusiones: el consumo de medicamentos aumenta con la edad, en los niveles escolares bajos y en las jubiladas. Los grupos farmacológicos más consumidos por la féminas cubanas son los de uso cardiovascular, los antinflamatorios, analgésicos y antipiréticos y los psicofármacos

Introduction: the need of adopting gender approach in dealing with health problems means to precisely visualize the multiple ways in which the gender constructions bring about inequality situations that affect health. Objective: to characterize the prescription drug consumption in the adult female population of Cuba. Methods: cross-sectional and descriptive research study conducted in 2007. The sample was made up of 554 females who took pharmaceuticals. For data collection, a questionnaire called drug consumption was designed and validated by a group of experts and a pilot study was carried out. Results: over half of the surveyed women were consuming prescription drugs; the retired workers (79) consumed the most (88.8 percent) whereas the students (17) were the ones consuming less pharmaceuticals. The highest percentage (66.4 percent) comprising 368 patients mentioned that they always comply with the prescribed drug treatment as indicated. Conclusions: the prescription drug consumption increases with age, low schooling and in retired women. The most consumed pharmaceutical groups at domestic level are the cardiovascular drugs, antinflammatories, analgesics, antipyretics and psychodrugs

Riesgos y consecuencias de las prácticas sexuales en adolescentes bajo los efectos de alcohol y otras drogas / Risks and consequences of the sexual practices in adolescents under the effects of alcohol and other drug consumption

Introducción: la sexualidad, y el consumo de alcohol y drogas en los adolescentes, figuran en la actualidad como uno de los asuntos con mayor prioridad para la salud pública. La preocupación radica en reducir los riesgos de infecciones de transmisión sexual, el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y los embarazos tempranos no deseados. Objetivo: analizar las prácticas sexuales bajo el efecto de alcohol y otras drogas, y los riesgos que esto implica, en los adolescentes de la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: la muestra se estableció mediante método probabilístico aleatorio y por conglomerados. El universo correspondió al número total de estudiantes matriculados en colegios públicos y privados de la ciudad de Medellín de 8vo., 9no., 10mo. y 11no. grados, en el año 2010 (91 857 estudiantes) con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y 17 años. El tamaño muestral incluido fue de 955 estudiantes usando un intervalo de confianza de 95. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo, transversal para conocer las prácticas sexuales bajo el efecto de alcohol u otras drogas, y los riesgos que corren los adolescentes. Se establecieron frecuencias, porcentajes y asociaciones estadísticas con el programa SPSS, versión 19.0 Resultados: consumir alcohol u otras drogas y tener prácticas sexuales presenta una asociación estadística significativa (p= 0,000). El 62,4 % de los adolescentes que han consumido una sustancia psicoactiva, han tenido relaciones sexuales, frente a un 29,4 % que, habiendo consumido alcohol y otras drogas, no lo han hecho. El alcohol es la droga más usada (79,8 %). Le siguen la marihuana (31,83 %), poppers (8,97 %), la cocaína (7,75 %) y el éxtasis (5,71 %). Las prácticas sexuales más frecuentes bajo el efecto de sustancias psicoactivas son las exploratorias (manoseo, caricias), para un 71,02 %, seguida de la penetrativa vaginal (63,67 %), el sexo oral (45,30 %) y la masturbación (19,59 %). De los adolescentes que tienen prácticas sexuales (N= 561) bajo el efecto de las drogas, el 12,47 % no han usado métodos de protección, y las consecuencias más significativas han sido las infecciones de trasmisión sexual (2,0 %) y el embarazo no deseado (2,8 %). No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,711) entre tener relaciones sexuales bajo el efecto de alcohol o estar sobrios, y el uso de métodos de protección. Conclusiones: se constata lo evidenciado en otras investigaciones, sobre la frecuente asociación entre el consumo de drogas y las prácticas sexuales en adolescentes. Lo que aporta de nuevo este estudio, es dar cuenta del tipo de prácticas bajo el efecto de sustancias psicoactivas, muchas de ellas no exentas de riesgo, y reforzar la necesidad de incluir en los programas de prevención para sexo seguro, acciones para minimizar los daños de tener prácticas sexuales bajo el efecto de sustancias psicoactivas.

Introduction: sexuality, and alcohol and drug consumption by adolescents currently appear as high priority issues for the public health. The concern lies in reducing the risks of sexually transmitted infections, the human immunodeficiency virus and the early unwanted pregnancies. Objectives: to analyze the sexual behaviors under the effect of alcohol and other drug consumption and the inherent risks in adolescents living in Medellin city. Methods: the sample was selected through the random and cluster probabilistic method. The universe of study covered the total number of 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th students from the public and private schools of Medellin in 2010. The age of the 91 857 students ranged 14 to 17 years. The final sample included 955 students, using a 95 % confidence interval. A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to find out the sexual practices and risks of adolescents under the influence of alcohol and other drug consumption. The SPSS program, version 19.0 served to set frequencies, percentages and statistical associations. Results: taking alcohol or other drugs and having sexual intercourse exhibit a significant statistical association (p=0.000). In the study group, 62.4 % of the adolescents who had taken some psychoactive substances had sexual intercourse whereas 29.4% who had also taken alcohol and other drugs had not. Alcohol was the most used drug (79.8%), followed by marihuana (31.83 %), poppers (8.97 %), cocaine (7.75 %) and ecstasy (5.71 %). The most frequent sexual practices under the above-mentioned conditions were exploratory ones such as body touching and caressing (71.02 %); vaginal penetration (63.67 %), oral sex (45.30 %) and masturbation (19.59 %). Of those adolescents who had sexual practices (n= 561) under the influence of drugs, 12.47 % were unprotected, being sexually transmitted diseases (2 %) and unwanted pregnancy (2.8 %) the main consequences. There was no statistically significant association (p= 0.711) between having sexual intercourse under the effect of alcohol or not and the use of sexual protection methods. Conclusions: the study confirmed the results of other research studies about the frequent association between the drug consumption and the sexual practices of adolescents. The new contributions of this study were to show the types of sexual practices under the effect of psychoactive substances, many of which are not risk-free, and to stress the need of including further actions in the preventive programs for safe sex, in order to minimize the harms that the sexual practice under the effect of these substances consumption may cause.

Cuáles y qué tan graves son los daños a la salud individual y a la sociedad causados por el consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas / What and how severe is the damage inflicted by the consumption of licit and illicit drugs upon the health of human individuals and upon society

Resumen En vista del amplio consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas en casi todo el mundo occidental, nosotros sospechamos que no eran tantos ni tan graves los daños que causan, como se afirma, y decidimos evaluar la solidez de tal sospecha. La sospecha resultó correcta en términos de la salud física individual de los usuarios, pues las drogas no aparecen entre las primeras quince causas de Morbilidad ni de Mortalidad en los habitantes de México, EUA, Canadá, España, el Reino Unido y Holanda. En cambio, las drogas sí causan daño psicológico y social al individuo por propiciar indolencia motivacional, cuadros psicóticos serios, potencialmente irreversibles, e inducir la comisión de conductas riesgosas (accidentes de tránsito) y hasta criminales (robos, asaltos, violaciones). El consumo de drogas también lesiona la integridad y economía de las familias de los usuarios y daña a la comunidad, pues se eleva la tasa de desempleo, disminuyen los ingresos fiscales, incrementan los costos de los programas de desarrollo, de seguridad y de beneficencia, así como propician la exclusión de los usuarios en el trabajo, escuelas, clubes y servicios públicos diversos. Nuestros resultados son de interés para el diseño de las acciones destinadas al control del consumo de drogas para que sean congruentes con el tipo, gravedad y extensión del daño individual y social que las drogas causen.

Abstract In view of the widespread use of licit and illicit in most of the Western world, we suspect that there were not so many and so serious the damages that they cause, as stated, and we decided to assess the strength of such suspicion. The suspicion was correct in terms of physical health of individual users, as drugs do not appear among the top fifteen causes of morbidity or mortality in the population of Mexico, USA, Canada, Spain, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. However, drugs do cause psychological and social harm to the individual by promoting motivational indolence, serious psychotic symptoms potentially irreversible, and induce the commission of risky behaviors (traffic accidents) and even criminals (robbery, assault, rape). Drug use also damages the integrity and economy of the families of users and harms to the community, since it raises the rate of unemployment, lower tax revenues, increase costs of development programs, safety and welfare, and favor the exclusion of users in the workplace, schools, clubs and various utilities. Our results are of interest for the design of actions to control drug use to be consistent with the type, severity and extent of the individual and social harm that drugs cause.

STUDY RESULT OF DRUGS SUPPLY FOR PEPTIC ULCER / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction:Structure and Function of the digestive organ diseases in that commonly occurred Ulcer Disease (PUD) is becoming one of the major diseases in the population furthermore it is tending to increase and peptic ulcer malignity is in the fourth leading tumor which causes to death.80% of the patients who has Gastric ulcer, 80 % of the patient who has PUD, has helicobacter pylori infections.Mongolian statistics data estimates that there are in total 355256 structures and function of the digestive organ diseases were registered in 2011. 25.2 % of stationary disease, 74.8% of is ambulatory diseases from them stationary disease of PUD are 3.74 %, ambulatory disease of PUD are 4.84%.Purpose of the study: Indicate the substantial supply of essential drugs of PUD in the stationary and ambulatory treatment.The study material and method:Diagnosis of PUD 2010-2012, The retrospective study has been done on the history of 393 stationary patients in the Gastroenterlogy Department of Orkhon, Uvur-Khangai, Khovd, Dornod’s regional center for diagnosis and, State Central Clinical Hospital, Clinical Hospital-2, Hospital-3 named after Mr. Shastin, Hospitals in Songini Khairkhan District and Nalaikh Districtbut also 107 ambulatory patient’s substantial supply of prescribed drug treatments were compiled by cross sectional studies which is specifically developed study card.WHO advised the drug supply “ Managing drug supply, the selection, the procurement, distribution and use of pharmaceuticals ” method by Jonathan D. Quick, Jamas R. Rakin, Richard O.Laing, Ronald W.O’Connor, Hans V.Hogerzell, M.N.G.Dukes, Andrew and Кобзарь л.в, дрёмова н.Б, глембоцкая г.т мнушко з.н. Statistic was developed and implemented excel, SPSS16.0 programme.Result of the study: In the study 500 people wereabove 20 and average age is 48.36±14.44.As a tertiary Level hospital 27, As a secondary Level hospital 18,Regional Center for Diagnosis 21, ambulatory treatment 22 kinds of drugs were used in PUD’s treatment. Omeprazolum 380, Metronidazolum 242, Sylcoseryl 227 were used.163380.15 tugrug (Mongolian currency) budget is required for Stationary treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) but 987540.95tugrug budget is required for ambulatory treatment.Conclusion:As a tertiary Level hospital 27, As a secondary Level hospital 18 and Regional Center for Diagnosis used 21 kinds of drugs for PUD.22 kinds of tablets were used for Peptic Ulcer Disease in an ambulatoryAs the result of the study 163380.15 tugrug for PUD’s stationary treatment, 987540.95 are required for PUD’s ambulatory treatment.

Comorbilidad, estado funcional y terapéutica farmacológica en pacientes geriátricos / Comorbidity, functional state and drug therapy in geriatric patients

Introducción: el envejecimiento poblacional es un desafío para las sociedades y es necesario que los recursos humanos dedicados a la atención del anciano se nutran de conocimientos que dinamicen un adecuado manejo farmacoterapéutico a este grupo poblacional muy vulnerable por su comorbilidad y por una respuesta peculiar a los medicamentos. Objetivo: determinar la interrelación entre comorbilidad, estado funcional y consumo de medicamentos. Métodos: investigación descriptiva, de tipo transversal, cuyo universo estuvo conformado por todos los ancianos de 60 años y más que ingresaron en el Hospital Calixto García durante el año 2007. Se acopió información de una muestra aleatoria de 267 pacientes. Se consideraron variables de respuesta la comorbilidad, el deterioro funcional y la polifarmacia. Se creó una base de datos validada automáticamente para la confirmación de su congruencia. Resultados: el mayor consumo de medicamentos correspondió a las edades comprendidas entre 80 y 89 años; 263 (98,5 porciento) ancianos presentaban comorbilidad y de ellos 211 (79 porciento) tenían polifarmacia asociada a un promedio de 5 fármacos por paciente. Los adultos mayores que clasificaron en la categoría más afectada de la evaluación funcional fueron los de mayor edad, los que también se relacionaron con mayor comorbilidad y consumo de medicamentos. Conclusiones: la comorbilidad y el deterioro funcional en ancianos se relacionan estrechamente con el consumo elevado de medicamentos, lo que repercute negativamente en su estado de salud, de ahí que es imprescindible que los profesionales de la atención primaria pongan especial atención en el manejo fármacoterapéutico en sus adultos mayores

Introduction: population aging represents a challenge for all the societies, hence it is necessary that the human resources devoted to take care of aged persons be well documented for the adequate drug and therapeutic management of this particular population, which is highly vulnerable due to its comorbidity and its particular drug response. Objective: to determine the interrelation between comorbidity, functional state and drug consumption. Method: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out, which included all 60 and over years-old patients, admitted to Calixto García hospital in 2007. The response variables were comorbidity, functional deterioration and multiple drug consumption. Data was collected on a random sample of 267 patients. An automatically-validated database was created to confirm congruency. Results: the greatest use of drugs was found in the 80 to 89 years old age group. It was found that 263 older people (98.5 percent) suffered comorbidity and 211 of them (79 percent) took 5 drugs as an average. The oldest persons accounted for the worst functional state evaluation, the highest index of comorbidity and the greatest use of drugs. Conclusions: both comorbidity and functional deterioration are closely related to drug consumption in the older people, all of which has a negative impact on their health state. It is indispensable that the primary health professionals pay special attention to the drug and therapeutic management of the older adults under their care

El consumo de drogas en México: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones, 2011 / Drug use in Mexico: Results from the 2011 National Addictions Survey

Introduction In the international context, Mexico is a country with low drug use level, in turn, it shows an increase when considering the most recent epidemiologic trends. In order to maintain an updated analysis of drug use in general population and to identify the most at risk groups, the National Survey of Addictions (ENA) was held in 2011. Objetive The aim of the study was to determine the lifetime prevalence for any drug and any illegal drug use at a national and regional level, in population aged 12 to 65 years. Also, to acknowledge drug consumption trends since 2002 in Mexico. Material and methods ENA 2011 survey is a randomized, multistage probabilistic study. It is representative at a national level and also for eight regions of the country, including rural and urban population. The sample was 3 849 adolescents and 12 400 adults who answered a computerized version of a standardized questionnaire containing sections of tobacco, alcohol, medical drugs (opiates, tranquilizers, sedatives, amphetamines) and illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, crack, hallucinogens, inhalants, heroin and methamphetamines). All participants read and signed an informed consent. Emphasis was made on the voluntary and confidential use of the information. Results The national lifetime prevalence of any drug grew between 2002 and 2011, increasing significantly from 5.0% to 7.8%, while consumption of any illegal drugs increased from 4.1% to 7.2%. By sex, in men, any drug use increased from 8.6% to 13%. Illegal drugs increased from 8.0% to 12.5%. In women, use of any drug increased from 2.1% to 3.0% and use of any illegal drug increased from 1.0% to 2.3%. Marijuana is the first drug of choice (6.5%) followed by cocaine (3.6%). Considering regions, any drug consumption grew significantly in the Western (5.5% to 10.3%), Northeast (5.5% to 10.3%), North Central (7.5% to 9.2%) and South Central (4.2% to 7.5%). As for illegal drugs, there is also a statistically significant increase in these regions, however, growth was proportionally bigger in South Central region, going from 3.5% to 6.8%. Conclusions Results from this study indicate a growth in the consumption of illegal drugs from 2002 to 2011, especially in marijuana. It also shows that men from 18 to 34 years are the most affected by this consumption, while increases in adolescent men have been low. Moreover, the study shows that those who have received some type of prevention, showed a smaller consumption prevalence, indicating that further work is needed in this area with young people to consolidate activities of health promotion and drug use prevention, working with infant population is needed, including a systematic evaluation of the actions mentioned above. In the international context, data from this study confirms that Mexico continues reporting low levels of drug consumption.

Introducción En el contexto internacional, México es uno de los países con bajo nivel de consumo de drogas, pero que, a su vez, reporta un incremento si se consideran las tendencias epidemiológicas más recientes. Con la finalidad de mantener un diagnóstico actualizado del consumo de drogas en la población general y de identificar los grupos en mayor riesgo, se llevó a cabo la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones 2011 (ENA). Objetivo Conocer la prevalencia alguna vez en la vida de uso de cualquier droga y de cualquier droga ilegal a nivel nacional y regional en población de 12 a 65 años. Así como conocer las tendencias que ha seguido el consumo a partir de 2002. Material y métodos La ENA 2011 es un estudio aleatorio, probabilístico y polietápico con representatividad nacional y para ocho regiones del país. Incluye poblaciones rurales y urbanas. La muestra fue de 3 849 adolescentes y 12 400 adultos quienes contestaron un cuestionario estandarizado en versión computarizada que contiene las secciones de tabaco, alcohol, drogas médicas (opiáceos, tranquilizantes, sedantes, anfetaminas) e ilegales (mariguana, cocaína, crack, alucinógenos, inhalables, heroína y metanfetaminas). Todos los participantes leyeron y firmaron una carta de consentimiento informado. Se hizo énfasis en el carácter voluntario y confidencial de la información. Resultados La prevalencia de consumo de cualquier droga alguna vez en la vida a nivel nacional creció significativamente entre 2002 y 2011 al pasar de 5.0% a 7.8%, mientras que el consumo de cualquier droga ilegal incrementó de 4.1% a 7.2%. Por sexo, en los hombres el consumo de cualquier droga pasó de 8.6% a 13% y de drogas ilegales de 8.0% a 12.5%. En las mujeres, la primera aumentó de 2.1% a 3.0% y la segunda de 1.0% a 2.3%. Las drogas de preferencia continúan siendo la mariguana (6.5%) y la cocaína (3.6%). A nivel regional el consumo de cualquier droga creció significativamente en la Occidental (5.5% a 10.3%), Nororiental (5.5% a 10.3%), Norcentral (7.5% a 9.2%) y Centro Sur (4.2% a 7.5%). En cuanto a las drogas ilegales, también se encuentra un incremento estadísticamente significativo en estas regiones, sin embargo el crecimiento fue proporcionalmente mayor en la región Centro Sur, al pasar de 3.5% a 6.8%. Conclusiones Los resultados de la ENA señalan un crecimiento en el consumo de drogas ilegales de 2002 a 2011, especialmente de la mariguana. Asimismo, se observa que los hombres de 18 a 34 años son la población más afectada por dicho consumo, mientras que en los adolescentes el aumento ha sido mínimo. Por otra parte, el estudio muestra que quienes han recibido algún tipo de prevención presentan las prevalencias de consumo más pequeñas, lo cual indica que es necesario seguir trabajando en esta área con los jóvenes para consolidar las acciones de promoción de la salud y prevención; así como trabajar más con la población infantil, con una evaluación sistemática de todas estas acciones. En el contexto internacional los datos confirman que México continúa con niveles bajos de consumo.

Comparación del consumo de drogas en una población escolar de género masculino utilizando la metodología de pares y el cuestionario auto registrado estándar / Drug consumption in the masculine school population using the peer methodology and the standard self assessment questionnaire

El objetivo es comparar el consumo de drogas a través de dos metodologías, la metodología de pares (MP) y la metodología del cuestionario auto registrado (CAR). La población está compuesta por escolares de género masculino, que cursan entre 8° básico y 4° medio. La muestra alcanzó a 301 escolares. Los resultados obtenidos son, una tendencia a mayor consumo general con la MP que con el CAR; igualmente, en el último mes el consumo muestra una tendencia al aumento con la MP en comparación con el CAR. En ambos períodos no hubo significación estadística. Por otro lado, el consumo de drogas ilícitas en los últimos 12 meses, fue el doble con la MP. En cuanto al consumo de los últimos 30 días, también se duplica al indagar con la MP. La declaración del consumo de drogas ilícitas es significativamente mayor con la MP que con el CAR, en ambos períodos estudiados. El consumo de marihuana, en ambos períodos, es el de mayor consumo entre las drogas ilícitas. Todas las diferencias alcanzaron significación y por lo tanto, la hipótesis que indica utilizando la MP se obtiene mayor declaración del consumo de drogas ilícitas se ratifica.

The objective of this study is to compare the declared licit and illicit drug consumption, between paired methodology (MP) and self assessed questionnaire (CAR). We suggest that understatement of illicit drug use will be minimized with the use of peer methodology, and that licit drug understatement will not be affected using peer methodology. The population of this study is composed by male school students ranging between middle and high School. The sample reached to 301 students. The results obtained regarding illicit drug consumption in the year, tend to be higher using MP compared with the CAR. Similarly, last month consumption reached a higher prevalence using MP than using CAR. There are no significant differences in both samples, during both periods. Nevertheless, in the last 12 months, illicit drug consumption doubled the CAR report in comparison to MP. Regarding drug consumption in the last 30 days, the results also showed that CAR underestimated half of the rate stated using MP. Illicit drug consumption is significantly higher using MP, than CAR, in both periods that were studied. Illicit consumption rates of in the past year and in the last month are significantly higher using MP, particularly with Marihuana. There are no statistical differences in the same periods, regarding licit drug consumption rate, as alcohol and tobacco.